Bibliography Layout

Under the Bibliography heading there is a Layout setting that provides options for inserting text before and after each reference in a bibliography, as well as applying hanging indents to your references.

Adding Text Before Each Reference

In the Start each reference with section, you can specify what information, if any, should appear before each reference in your bibliography. (For information on how to add a prefix before a citation, see Citation Prefixes).

A common reference prefix is the bibliography number, which is used by all numbered styles to number the references in a bibliography.

If you have not yet done so, open the Style window for the style you wish to work with. (See Opening the Style Window.)

To add a bibliography number before each reference:

In the Style window, select Layout from under the Bibliography heading.
Click in the text box below the Start each reference with section, and select Bibliography Number from the Insert Field list.
Type the necessary punctuation after the bibliography number (such as a period and a space) or insert a tab from the Insert Field list.

With a style configured in this way, EndNote creates a bibliography with numbered references, such as:

1. Argus, M.V. New paleontological excavation techniques. Nature 19, 234-237
(1993).

Note: To create a hanging indent, where the second and subsequent lines of a reference are indented, see Hanging Indents below.

Other Reference Prefix Fields

Other commonly used reference prefixes appear in the Insert Field list.

Reference Type: This option will insert the reference type (such as Journal Article or Book) before each reference.
Label: Some bibliographic styles use a Label in the citation and the bibliography to refer to each entry with a short mnemonic code, often the author’s name and the last two digits of the year. When you enter references into your library, you can type the mnemonic code directly into the Label field. When EndNote builds a bibliography, it can put that code before each reference.
Citation: Selecting Citation as a reference prefix allows you to label the references in the bibliography with the in-text citation.
Record Number: This option will insert the record number before each reference. The record number is the number that EndNote assigns to each reference in the library, and it is also used in the unformatted in-text citations. Add Record Number as a reference prefix in any style in order to print all the references in your library with their unique EndNote record numbers. Record numbers are not unchangeable identifiers and should not be used as permanent identifiers. See Record Numbers.

Adding Text After Each Reference

Use the End each reference with section of the Layout panel to specify what information, if any, should follow each reference in your bibliography. (For information on how to add text after an in-text citation in your document, see Citation Suffixes).

The Insert Field drop-down can be used to add the content of the Label, Keywords, Abstract, or Notes field, or the Record Number. Any other text or punctuation can also be entered as a reference suffix and it will appear at the end of each reference in the formatted bibliography. Two common uses for the Reference Suffix command are shown below.

Note: Although only a limited list of fields is shown on the Insert Field drop-down, any EndNote generic field name can be used in the Start each reference with or End each reference with sections. To add another field, such as Research Notes or Accession Number, just type the generic field name into the text box.

Example: Adding Research Notes to the Bibliography

If you have research notes that you want to print together with your references, you should add the Research Notes field as a reference suffix in the style that you are using to print or format the references.

With the Style window open, select Layout from under the Bibliography heading.
Click in the text box below the End each reference with and type "Research Notes" into the field. This will append the Research Notes field to every reference in the bibliography when you format a paper with the style. (Research Notes is a field reserved for your personal research notes, and EndNote never imports data into it. In comparison, the Notes field may contain data imported from online databases. Because "Research Notes" is a generic field name, it can be used to begin or end a reference with any reference type.)

If you want the research notes to begin on a new line after the reference, select End of paragraph from the Insert Field list before "Research Notes." If you want the notes to be indented, select Tab from the Insert Field list before the words "Research Notes."

Adding or Removing Blank Lines Between References

Another common use for the Layout options is to add a blank line between references. To do this, edit the style as described above, and insert a paragraph mark, using End of paragraph on the Insert Field list, into the End each reference with section.

To tighten up the bibliography and get rid of the blank line after each reference, edit the style, click on the Layout panel, and select and delete the paragraph mark to get rid of the blank line.

Hanging Indents

Many numbered bibliographic styles require a hanging indent, as shown in this example:

1. Vonk J, Shackelford TK, editors. The Oxford handbook of comparative
evolutionary psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012.

2. Zorina ZA, Obozova TA. New Data on the Brain and Cognitive Abilities
of Birds. Zoologichesky Zhurnal. 2011;90(7):784-802.

3. Smirnova AA. On the capability of birds for symbolization. Biology
Bulletin. 2011;38(9):878-84.

EndNote provides a few hanging indent options. Normally, each reference is one paragraph, so some of these options would not apply. But if you have a reference that includes more than one paragraph, EndNote gives you options for which paragraph within a reference the hanging indents should apply. Examples of multi-paragraph references include annotated bibliographies where the research notes follow each reference, or a style such as those common in anthropology journals where the authors are on a line of their own.

Hanging indent options include: None, All Paragraphs, First Paragraph Only, Second Paragraph Only, and All Paragraphs but the First. The following is an example of when you would use Second Paragraph Only. The style requires that authors begin on the left margin, and then the year (and the rest of the reference) starts on a new line and is indented. The style applies a hanging indent to the second paragraph only, and inserts a tab before and after the year. In the word processing document, the spacing for the hanging indent should be aligned with the second tab stop.

Smirnova, A. A.
   2011  On the capability of birds for symbolization. Biology Bulletin
38(9):878-884.
Vonk, Jennifer, and Todd K. Shackelford, eds.
   2012  The Oxford handbook of comparative evolutionary psychology. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Zorina, Z. A., and T. A. Obozova
   2011  New Data on the Brain and Cognitive Abilities of Birds. Zoologi-
chesky Zhurnal 90(7):784-802.

The spacing used for tabs and indents is determined by the ruler settings in your word processor.

Note: If you are creating a numbered bibliography, as shown in the previous example, insert a tab after the bibliography number to have the references line up correctly.

Tabs

Tabs may be inserted from the Insert Field list. A tab entered into a style will appear as a tab in the formatted bibliography. The tab appears as an arrow on the screen. The width of the tab as it appears in the bibliography is determined by the tab settings in your word processor.

Tabs are often entered after the bibliography number as part of the Layout settings. This helps to align the start of each reference after the number, which is especially important if the bibliography entries use a hanging indent.